Indonesian


 * Page is incomplete and requires additional topics. Feel free to add!*

Pronunciation
Indonesian words are spoken as they are written. Vowels pronounciation:

Sentence Composition
Common sentence structure:

Subject – Verb – Object

Note that in Indonesian we don't have articles (a, an, the) and we don't discriminate between the singular form and the plural form of a noun. That's right, the word stays the same whether there is only one of it or there are more than one!

For example: You’ll find more tips and notes throughout the courses. Selamat belajar!

Self-Introduction Phrases
Literally meaning "What (your) news" in English,  Apa kabar actually means “How are you” or “How do you do”.

Siapa  is used instead of  apa  for asking a person’s name in Indonesian. A fuller explanation Click Here (https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/27985133)

Indonesian Noun Phrase
Generally, the sentence structure of Indonesian and English is similar. But, the structure of noun phrases is opposite to English, the main noun position is before the modifier noun.

For example: More info abut the word order in a noun phrase: https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/31285942
 * Nama saya = My name
 * Apel merah = Red apple

To be
In spoken Indonesian, You don’t need to translate “to be” (is, am, are). To be means  adalah  in Indonesian. Even, in written the function of it is just to emphasize the noun, sometimes it is also omitted.

For example: My name is Jon = Name saya Jon

No in Indonesian
Indonesian has some ways to express “no” ( bukan ,  tidak ,  jangan  and  belum ). Bukan  is used to negate nouns and adverbs,  Tidak  is used to negate verbs and adjectives,  Jangan  is to tell somebody not to do something and  Belum  means not yet or event may happen in the future.

For example: More info about negation words "Tidak, bukan, jangan, belum": https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/31291121

Let’s step up the game. Welcome to Basics 2!
You have learned some personal pronouns in Basics 1 (aku, kamu, dia), and you are going to find the rest of them here. There are some highlights that should be put as a reminder:
 * Indonesian has formal and informal pronouns which you should pay attention the most when you are going to talk about “you” and “I” (Aww). Use “Anda” (You) and “Saya” (I) only in formal situation.


 * Indonesian differentiates between singular “you” and plural “you”. The use of “Kamu”/”Anda” signalizes the person to be only one, whereas “Kalian” means there are multiple people.

A: “Kami makan ikan.” (We eat fish). This means that A and B ate fish, but C might or did not. But if it is like this: A: “Kita makan ikan.” (We eat fish). This means that all of them ate fish. The first example uses “Kami” which implies exclusivity, whereas the second example uses “Kita” to include C, which implies inclusiveness.
 * Indonesian has an inclusive and exclusive “we”. For example, if you (A) and your friend (B) are talking to someone (C), and the conversation goes like this:


 * Indonesian does not have non-personal subject pronouns, hence use “itu” (that) or “ini” (this) instead.

Here is the table to summarize the rules of pronoun uses:

Additional info
Please have a look here for more info : Click here:  "ia" & "dia", the differences : https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/28585404

Please have a look here for more info: 'ini', 'itu', Tips & Notes, Addendum. https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/31492712

Kosakata (Vocabulary) :
aku, kita, menulis, buku, surat, mereka, membaca, menu, koran, ini, anda, kami, kalian, besar, gaun, kaya, ia

Greetings
Indonesian uses the word  selamat  to greet people. Selamat  is actually derived from Arabic word  salam  which means peace. You just need to add  selamat  before the time or condition in greeting. Note that the concept of time of the day in Indonesian is slightly different from that in English, so use the greetings accordingly! Indonesian also uses  Assalamu ’alaikum  to greet someone and responds with  Wa 'alaikumsalam  as Islam majority country.

The word  selamat  is also used to congratulate other people.

Terima kasih
Terima kasih  means "thank you" is Indonesian phrase to express gratitude. If you want to express greater sense of gratitude, you can say  terima kasih banyak.

In informal situations, you can just shorten  terima kasih  become  makasih  just like "thanks" in English.

Sama-sama  or  Terima kasih kembali  is used to respond thanking, “You are welcome” in English.

Kosakata (Vocabulary) :
tidak, ya, terima kasih, maaf, selamat pagi, silakan, sama-sama, sampai jumpa, selamat datang, selamat jalan, assalamualaikum, selamat siang, waalaikumsalam, selamat tinggal, permisi, selamat malam, terima kasih banyak, selamat sore, sampai jumpa lagi, salam, selamat idul fitri