Vietnamese

External Resources
https://www.reddit.com/r/languagelearning/wiki/index#wiki_vietnamese

Basics 1
Welcome to the Vietnamese course!

Here are some basic grammar rules for you to get started with:

Word Order
Like most languages, word order in Vietnamese is simple:
 * For sentence: Subject + Verb + Object
 * For single word: Noun + Modifiers (Adjectives).

Word Conjugation/Modification
There is  no  conjugation or modification at all. Words with different tones (for example,  ga  and  gà ) are not considered conjugation/modification but two different words. In general, the meaning of sentence changes when we add or remove word(s), or change their order.

Articles (a/an/the) (featured in lesson 4)
In Vietnamese, there are no articles similar to those in English. You use the word  một  to represent a quantity of “1” and that is all.

For the learning purpose throughout the skill tree, you should follow this pattern of using articles: For the sake of this course, all pronouns used in answers will be  simplified  as in this table:
 * In a Vietnamese sentence, if you see the word  một, then your English answer should contain  a/an . If not, then your English answer should contain  the.
 * In an English sentence, if you see  a/an, then your Vietnamese answer should contain  một . If you see  the  instead, then your Vietnamese answer should not have anything before the noun (except for  classifiers  which will be taught later).
 * Important: Due to the almost unlimited combinations of pronouns, we cannot add them all to the database. Therefore, do not try to enter different pronouns other than those above or your answer will be marked wrong.
 * Important: In the Vietnamese language, subject pronouns and object pronouns are the same.

Vietnamese classifier system
In Vietnamese, there are words that are used to accompany other nouns in order to "classify" them based on physical/non-physical appearance or quantity.

You will learn about these classifiers in latter skills. In this skill, a few classifiers are introduced:
 * Cái : used to accompany almost every object.
 * Con : used to accompany "animal".
 * Người : used to accompany "human".

Alphabet 1
Welcome to the Vietnamese course!

This skill is for you to get started with the Vietnamese alphabet and the way the meaning of a word changes with different tones.

For basic grammar rules, please refer to skill Basics 1

There are  six tones  in Vietnamese language:

Alphabet
Vietnamese alphabet does not have the letters  f ,  j ,  w  and  z. These are also vowels in Vietnamese alphabet (except  d  and  đ, which are consonants).
 * In addition to letter a, there are: ă and â.
 * In addition to letter d, there is: đ.
 * In addition to letter e, there is: ê.
 * In addition to letter o, there are: ô and ơ.
 * In addition to letter u, there is: ư.

Additional Consonants

 * Ch
 * Gh
 * Gi
 * Kh
 * Ng / Ngh
 * Nh
 * Ph
 * Qu
 * Th
 * Tr

Vietnamese classifier system
In Vietnamese, there are words that are used to accompany other nouns in order to "classify" them based on physical/non-physical appearance or quantity.

You will learn about these classifiers in latter skills. In this skill, a few classifiers are introduced:
 * Cái: used to accompany almost every objects.
 * Con: used to accompany "animal".
 * Người: used to accompany "human".

Possession
Possessive words in Vietnamese are simple. You just need to add  của  before subject/object pronouns. (Note: subject pronouns and object pronouns are the same. No difference at all).

The following table may help you to recall what we learned about subject pronouns: của  can be optional when you are talking about "friend", "dad", "brother" or any family members. This only works with "your" and "my". You will see some example in the skill Family below.
 * Example: Anh tôi (my older brother), bố bạn (your dad), bạn tôi (my friend)

Possessive Pronouns
In English, you sometimes use possessive pronouns to avoid repeating the noun. For example: "It is my car, not your car" = "It is my car, not yours" = "The car is mine, not yours".

In Vietnamese, again, there is  no difference  between  possessive adjectives  and  possessive pronouns. In both case, you use the same word as presented in the table above. For example: "The book is  hers .” = "Quyển sách là  của cô ấy .” and “ Her  book" = "Quyển sách  của cô ấy ”.

The use of "của mình"
Just like other languages, we hate repetition.

Take a look at this sentence  "Cô ấy bán quyển sách của cô ấy"  (She sells her book). It is grammatically correct, but the word  cô ấy  is repeated twice. And that is not nice.

To avoid that, one uses  của mình. Here is the simple rule:  của mình  can replace any possessive adjectives or possessive pronouns above  if and only if  the noun(s) (in the sentence) belong to the same subject (of that sentence).

For instance, let's reuse the sentence above: Note:  Của mình  should only be used to avoid repetition, that is, for sentences that have noun(s) belonging to the same subject like "I sell my car", "she wants her book", "he cooks his food" and so on. Của mình   cannot be used  if sentence has noun(s) not belonging to subject pronoun, such as "I sell his book", "he wants her money", "they need our car".
 * ”Cô ấy bán quyển sách của cô ấy."  (Repetition, doesn't sound nice)
 * Rewrite:  "Cô ấy bán quyển sách của mình."  (Much better!)

Demonstrative Determiners
In English, demonstratives are “this”, “that”, “these” and “those”. This skill will teach you to use demonstratives in Vietnamese.

To be used as adjective to modify noun(s): using  này, đó/kia

 * Này  is equivalent to  this  or  these .  Này  is used as an adjective so it is placed  after  noun(s). Example: con gà  này  (this chicken), cái ca  này  (this mug)
 * Đó/Kia  is equivalent to  that  or  those . They are also placed  after  noun(s). Example: con gà  đó  (that chicken), nhà ga  đó  (that train station).  Đó  and  kia  are interchangable.
 * Not quantity-based. In English, “this” goes with singular noun while “these” represents a quantity of more than one. However,  này  and  đó/kia  does not base on quantity at all. However, plural indicative words ( những  or  các ) must accompany them. Please refer to skill  Plural.

To be used as subject of a sentence: using  đây, đó/kia
Important:  Technically,  đây  and  này  are the same. They are both equivalent to English "this/these" and they both can be used as adjective for a noun or as an independent subject. However, for the sake of this course,  đây  will NOT be used as adjective and  này  will NOT be used as independent subject. Important:  For the rest of the skill tree, the word  kia  will NOT appear frequently. Most commonly used demonstratives are  đây ,  đó, and  này  so you are recommended to use these words if you encounter sentences with demonstratives.
 * In English, this/these/that/those can be used as independent subjects or objects in sentence. In Vietnamese, their uses are slightly different.
 * Đây  is equivalent to  this  or  these  used as subject of a sentence, usually followed by “to be”, similar to “this is..." or “these are...".
 * Đó/Kia  is equivalent to  that  or  those  used as subject, usually followed by “to be”, similar to “that is...” or “those are..." . Just like  đây  and  này ,  đó/kia  can be used freely as a subject or adjective.

To be used as object of a sentence: using  này, đó/kia

 * To be an object of a sentence,  này, đó/kia  must be accompanied by the classifier  cái  as you already learned in the skill Alphabet 1. Importantly, these demonstratives are quantity-based when used as object of sentence. In short,  cái này  =  this ,  những cái này  =  these ,  cái đó  =  that ,  những cái đó  =  those.

Plurals
To indicate plurality, one can simply place  những  or  các  before plural noun. If a plural noun has adjective(s),  những  or  các  must be placed before them in this order:  những/các  + classifier + plural noun + adjective(s). Note that you usually need a classifier whenever you have  những  or  các. You will learn about classifiers later in the course.

There are more ways to indicate plurality in Vietnamese but two words  những  and  các  are the most common ones. Later in the course, you will learn that when there is a number, you don't use these plural markers.

Important:   những  and  các  are to demonstrate plurality only. They are not equivalent to "some", "a few", "many"..... Lessons about this area will be provided later.

The two words  những  and  các  do not have any meaning other than indication of plurality so do not try to translate them. They can be used interchangeably throughout the skill tree.

Những  and  các  can and should combine with the demonstratives. Please refer to the skill  Demonstratives  in the same row for more information.

Example:  những cậu bé này  (these boys);  các quả táo kia  (those apples)

Alphabet Introduction 2
This skill gives you another overview of the Vietnamese alphabet in addition to the first Alphabet skill as the nightmare does not end there.

Besides additional letters, tones and additional consonants, there are:

A lot of diphthongs and triphthongs
(I took the liberty to not include some diphthongs/triphthongs that are extremely uncommon in daily usage to simplify the list)

Note:  You do not need to learn these by heart. This is just to provide an overview.
 * With letter a, diphthongs are: oa, oai, ai, ao, au, ay
 * With letter â, diphthongs are: ây, âu
 * With letter e, diphthongs are: eo, oe
 * With letter ê, diphthongs are: êu, uê
 * With letter ơ, diphthongs are: ơi
 * With letter ư, diphthongs are: ươi, ưi, ưu
 * With letter o, diphthongs are: oi
 * With letter ô, diphthongs are: ôi, uôi (triphthong)

And a lot more
Each can combine with any consonant and any tones to create a different word, with different meaning and slightly different sound. Imagine all the possibilities? Don't worry. You will master it eventually. Just think about thousands of strokes to remember when learning Mandarin/Japanese, you will feel better.
 * ach, oang, oanh, anh, an, am…
 * ăc, âc, ăm, âm, ăn, âm…
 * iêc, iêm, iên, iêp…
 * im, in, inh, ip, it…
 * ua, ưa, uân, uc, ưc, ung, ưng…

Basics 2
No new content in this lesson. You may want to refer to previous grammar notes if you need help. Remember that we use simplified pronouns in this course, which are: All other pronouns, despite being correct in certain context, will be marked wrong.

Cultural note : Inappropriate uses of pronouns in Vietnamese can mean anything from impoliteness, rudeness, awkwardness or intentional insult. Even the same two persons may use different pronouns over time depending on how their emotion, gender, social role, relationship or situation changes (falling in love, hating, threatening, anger, happiness, joking, honoring…). However, Vietnamese people are tolerant towards foreigners speaking Vietnamese so if you happen to use inappropriate pronouns, you are very likely to be excused!

Không (used with all verbs except “to be”)
To indicate negation, one simply places the word  không  before the  verb. Không  means “no”. So literally, all sentences with negative verb will mean: subject + no + verb. Example: "I no go to school", "she no study", "I no like but love Duolingo".

Note : you can use  không  when the sentence involves the use of adjective(s), such as "I am no happy", "she is no fun", "he is no cruel". But continue reading the case below!

Không phải là (used with “to be” only with identifying purpose)
Same with  không, but  không phải là  is for “no to be something”. You cannot use  không phải là  with regular verbs. In short,  không phải là  is used when you say  something/someone is not something/someone  in a sense of identity. Example: "I am no student", "she is no my girlfriend", "she is no teacher".

Note : this phrase is used with the sense of identity only. You CANNOT use it to describe emotion, quality or any qualitative characteristics (good, bad, sad, happy, old...). If that is the case, refer to the use of  không  above.

Common Phrases
You are learning basic greetings in Vietnamese. There will be no new grammar notes in this lesson but just some basic phrases for you to start a conversation.

Lesson 1
About  Hello  in Vietnamese : Unlike popular belief that Vietnamese greeting is always  Xin chào! , it is not the case. I rarely hear anyone use  Xin chào  anymore except in formal speech or movies. Instead, the Vietnamese commonly say " Chào  +  a person’s first name or a suitable pronoun ". Chào  standing alone works fine too.

Lesson 2
Although we teach the phrase  Chào buổi sáng  (Good morning), the phrase “Good morning” does not actually exist in Vietnamese. There is no specific greeting for each period of a day (morning, afternoon, evening). Instead, one simply says  Chào  as above. You are recommended not to use  Chào buổi sáng  in conversation.

Lesson 3
The name “Việt Nam” is a variation of Nányuè (南越), literally meaning “Southern Viet”. In that, the word  Việt  applied to an ethnic group living in southern China and Vietnam (pre-history) and was gradually adapted to represent Vietnamese people and Vietnamese language while the word  Nam  is not required.

In this course, we will use  tiếng Việt  as  the Vietnamese language  (with tiếng = language) and  người Việt  as  Vietnamese people  (with người = people/humans).

Introduction to Classifier System in Vietnamese
Classifiers are used to accompany a noun but not to modify it. It precedes a noun in order to demonstrate a physical/non-physical appearance or quantity of that noun. Classifier System is not featured in English but some other languages do have similar system.

Word order of a noun is:  classifier + noun + adjective.

Just like noun gender in some languages, this is something one has to learn by heart. It is important to know which classifier goes with which noun. There can be more than one classifier that can match with a noun but not all nouns will have two or more classifiers.

In this skill, you will start with 7 classifiers:
 * Cái  and  chiếc  are the most common classifiers. Unless the object has specific or unique features that require other classifiers, most of them (70% of all nouns) can be accompanied by  cái  or  chiếc  interchangeably.
 * Quyển  and  cuốn  accompany book or any noun that resembles a book (novel, comics, diary…). They can be used interchangeably.
 * Quả  and  trái  accompany fruit most of the time, but can be used for words that resemble a small, spherical or near spherical object (soccer ball, shuttlecock, any sport ball, and even grenade and bomb).
 * Tờ  accompanies a piece of paper or anything that resembles a piece of paper (form, receipt, money…). Exception: Newspaper, even though it is indeed multiple sheets of paper, it stills use the classifier "tờ" instead of "quyển/cuốn".

Animals 1
In this lesson, we will learn about animals. The classifier word for animals is:  con.

Example: con mèo (the cat), con chó (the dog)....

Additional note on classifier system
You may ask this question: does a noun always have to be accompanied by a classifier? What is the difference between a noun without a classifier and a noun accompanied by one? The answer is no. Vietnamese people give little or no preference about this minor detail. As long as it makes sense, they can fully understand you.

But in fact, there are certain differences in interpreting the two. Here is the table for you to compare: Most sentences on Duolingo will have classifiers preceding nouns.

Clothing
In English, one verb “to wear” can pretty much cover all kinds of clothes, such as “to wear a hat", "to wear a shirt", "to wear shoes”. In Vietnamese, there are more than one verb for “to wear”, depending on what clothes you are talking about. Check out this table: Depending on the regions and dialects, the uses of these verbs may vary. However, to simplify the learning process on Duolingo, we will go with these only two verbs:  đội  for anything worn on head and  mặc  for any kinds of shirts and pants. These are the most commonly used and understood by any Vietnamese speakers.

Lesson 1
Món  is the classifier for all kinds of food. It can precede all nouns that indicate food. If there is no noun,  món  can stand alone and mean “dish” (as in: delicious dish, not as in: plate of food). In this case, it is best to used with demonstratives:  món này ,  món đó  (this dish, that dish) if used in conversation.

Note:   Món  can signify different status of animal. A living animal, the noun must be accompanied by  con  ( con gà  - the chicken). But if  món  accompanies the noun instead, it means a cuisine/dish made from that animal ( món gà  - the chicken, but meaning the dish of chicken instead).

Lesson 2
Bữa  means “meal” and can be considered as  classifier  for meals of a day. We have  sáng, trưa, chiều, tối, respectively meaning “morning, noon, afternoon, evening”. Therefore,  bữa sáng, bữa trưa, bữa chiều, bữa tối  respectively means “breakfast, lunch, teatime/afternoon snack, dinner”.

Lesson 3
Thức ăn  means food or dishes in general. But unlike  món, it is not a classifier. You should just use  thức ăn  to generally indicate food (Example: I saw her food, The food is delicious…)

Cultural note:   Canh  is, technically, soup. But it is not identical to Western soup (for this, we have the word “xúp”, pronounced the same as soup, meaning “Western soup”). In this course, the answer “soup” is accepted for  canh.

Lesson 5
For  trứng, classifier word is  quả  or  trái , just like fruits. But we usually use  quả  rather than  trái.

Chay  means “vegetarian” (adjective) but its use is unique compared to English. To say “I am vegetarian” in Vietnamese, you say “Tôi ăn  chay ” - literally, I eat “vegetarianly”. In this case,  chay  must always go with the verb  ăn  (to eat).
 * You can combine  chay  with  món ,  bữa  and  thức ăn  to indicate  món chay  (vegetarian dish),  bữa chay  (vegetarian meal),  thức ăn chay  (vegetarian food).
 * To say “I am a vegetarian person”, you say “Tôi là người  ăn chay ” (literally, I am the person who eats “vegetarianly”).

Questions 1
This lesson contains some important words for the rest of this course

Yes-no question: using  Phải không

 * 1) To form yes-no question, you simply place  phải không  at the end of the sentence. The question formula is like this:  S + V + O +  phải không ? . Technically,  phải không  is equivalent to “right?", "eh?” in English sentences. Example:  Bạn thích cô ấy phải không?  (literally, You like her, right?)
 * 2) Another way to form yes-no question: you add  có  before the verb or adjective(s) and place  không  at the end of the sentence. The question formula will become like this: S +  có  + V/Adj + O (optional) +  không ?. Example:  Bạn có hạnh phúc không?  (hạnh phúc = happy -> adj.) (Are you happy?),  Bạn có muốn ăn không?  (Do you want to eat?)

WH-question:
Example: In this skill, you will learn how to form questions with  where ,  what ,  who ,  why, and  when

Using  where  -  đâu Using  what  -  gì Using  who  -  ai Using  when  -  khi nào
 * Đâu  is placed at the end of the sentence.
 * Đâu  is often used with  ở, which means  at . Literally,  ở đâu  means  at where.
 * Just like other question words,  gì  is placed at the end of the sentence.
 * Gì  can associate (follow by) with either a  verb  or a  classifier, or both.  For example:   gì  placed after the verb  ăn ,  ăn gì  literally means “eat what”, used in the question asking someone eating what. And  con  is the classifier for animals. Therefore,  con gì  means “what animal”. For example,  Đó là con gì?  (What animal is that?)
 * Cái  is the most commonly used classifier word, representing almost every tangible object, thus,  cái gì  means “what thing/object” associating with the verb of that question sentence. For example:  Đây là cái gì?  (What is this?, literally What thing/object is this?)
 * It is possible for  cái gì  to be used as subject. Example:  Cái gì cắn tôi?  (What bites me?).
 * In Vietnamese,  ai  can be a subject or an object. Example:  Ai đánh bạn?  (Who beats you?) or  Bạn đánh ai?  (You beat whom?/Who do you beat?).
 * Khi nào  can be placed at the beginning or at the end of the question without changing any meaning.  Preferably, our answer database has more questions containing  khi nào  at the beginning so you are recommended to follow.

E.g:  Khi nào bạn ăn bữa sáng? (When do you eat the breakfast?)

Using  why  -  vì sao/tại sao
 * There are two forms of “why”:  vì sao  and  tại sao . They are interchangeable.
 * Place them at the beginning, before SVO to form why-question.
 * To answer with “because”, you say  tại vì ,  bởi vì  or just simply  vì, then followed by regular SVO.

E.g:  Tại sao chúng tôi mặc quần? (Why do we wear pants?) or  Vì sao bạn ăn cái bánh? (Why do you eat the cake?) –  Tại vì nó ngon. (Because it is good/delicious.)

Lesson 1
Cho  can be an independent verb (meaning “to give”, “to allow”) but in this lesson, it acts as preposition “to” as in  viết cho  (to write to (sb)). Note:   cho  is not universally used as “to” for every word.

Regarding the verb  nghe, it can mean both “hear” and “listen to” in English. There is no need to use preposition with  nghe  as it is simply followed by noun or pronoun, respectively for “hear” and “listen to”.

Thấy  in this lesson means “to see”. Interestingly, it accompanies other verbs to emphasize the action in the sense of “already done it”, such as  nghe thấy  (to hear, and already hear),  nhìn thấy  (to see, and already see),  tìm thấy  (to find, and already find).

Notice the verb  thử, which means "to try doing sth". When using this verb, you just need to add another verb after it. Example: Tôi  thử   ăn  một quả chuối (I try eating a banana). For "to try to do sth", we will give you its correspondence verb in Vietnamese later.

Lesson 2
Yêu  means “to love”. Unlike  thích  (to like),  yêu  cannot go with another verb like in English (love eating, love to work…). But you can use  thích  +  another verb  (thích ăn, thích học, thích cười…).

Lesson 3
Okay,  lắng nghe  contains the word  nghe, so it must mean “to hear”/“to listen to” right? That is true! lắng nghe  does mean so but emphasizing the action of hearing/listening. However, this word is not common in regular conversation but quite common in poetry, novel, speech.

The verb  đi  means “to go” and  đi bộ  means “to walk” in the sense of to go jogging. Additionally, throughout the skill tree, you will see this form a lot:  đi  +  another verb. Example: đi ăn (go eat), đi ngủ (go sleep), đi bán (go sell)… It is commonly used in daily conversation to emphasize actions. In fact, it is more natural to use this form when speaking with or without the urgency of the action. Vietnamese people love emphasizing what they did/are doing/will be doing!

Luyện tập  means “to practice”. Breaking it down,  luyện  independently can mean “to practice” but we will not use it in this course, and  tập  means “to practice” but in the sense of “just start learning something”.

Lesson 4
Giúp đỡ  means “to help” in a narrative sense,  giúp  alone works well and sounds more natural. In case of saying “help me”/“help + sb”, use  giúp  only.

Review this case:   thấy  in this lesson means “to see” and it accompanies other verbs to emphasize the action in the sense of “already done it”. In this lesson, we learn the word  tìm  (to find). tìm  alone means one has the purpose of going find something and not yet finds it, while  tìm thấy  means one already finds something.

Lesson 5
Làm  means “to work”. đi làm  means “to go to work”. It commonly goes with  việc  to become  làm việc  (also meaning “to work” but specifically talking about working for an employer). Additionally, special form:  làm + (sb) + adjective/verb  =  to make + sb + adjective/verb. Example: Tôi  làm  cô ấy cười (I make her smile), Anh ấy  làm  tôi buồn (He makes me sad).

Lesson 6
Để  is a verb, meaning “to put (something on/at/in something)”. When using with pronoun or person’s name, it means “to let + (sb) + verb/adjective”. Moreover,  để  can be used as conjunction, “to” as in “in order to” or “to + verb” which we will learn later on.

Combination of verbs
In Vietnamese, a stative verb (such as  đứng  -  stand ,  ngồi  -  sit ,  nằm  -  lie ) can combine with another verb to describe an action that is done in the state.

For example: Cậu bé đó đang  ngồi đọc sách. - The boy is sitting and reading a book.

You can see in this example, the stative verb  ngồi  (sit) is combined with  đọc sách  (read a book), so the sentence describe the boy reads a book while sitting.

Objects
There is no new grammar in this skill.

Important review: for most objects in this skill, classifier words  cái  and  chiếc  are applicable and interchangeable.

Important review: classifier word is not always required. It depends on the noun’s usage itself. If one wants to use a noun with general meaning (Ex: animals eat to survive), then there is  no  classifier needed. If one wants to point at a specific noun (Ex: the ice cream (that you bought) is tasty), then classifier is needed.

In this course, when in doubt, use classifier! In lesson 2,  máy tính  is supposedly means “computer” in general. However, the original word is  máy vi tính  but  máy tính  replaced the original one and is widely used. Note:   máy tính  can also mean “portable scientific calculator” but we will not use it in this course.
 * Exception: in lesson 3,  thuốc lá  cannot be accompanied with  cái  or  chiếc . Its classifier is  điếu.

Questions 2
You will continue to learn how to form questions in Vietnamese.

Using  how  -  như thế nào  and  làm sao Asking  how much/how many  -  bao nhiêu
 * 1) Như thế nào  is always at the end of sentence to make it a “how-question” (Example:  Bạn học như thế nào?  (literally, You study how?)). It is used to ask about “what method, condition, quality of doing something”.
 * 2) In comparison,  làm sao  is placed at the beginning of the sentence to ask the “how to” question.
 * 3) * Formula 1:  Làm sao  + S + V + O? (Ex:  Làm sao bạn biết Tiếng Việt?) (How do you know Vietnamese language) )
 * 4) * Formula 2:  Làm sao  +  để  (from skill Verb 1) + Verb? (Ex:  Làm sao để học Tiếng Việt? (How to study Vietnamese?) )
 * Bao nhiêu  can be used for both countable and uncountable nouns.
 * Bao nhiêu  is placed before classifier words. So the formula for this kind of question:  S + V + bao nhiêu + classifier + noun?  (Ex:  Bạn có bao nhiêu con chó? (literally, You have how many dogs?) ).
 * Bao nhiêu  is GREAT for asking price. Saying  Bao nhiêu?  is quite enough unless you want to be more specific, then follow this: Noun +  giá  +  bao nhiêu?  ( giá  means “price”). (E.g:  Cái mũ này giá bao nhiêu?  (How much is this hat?))

Lesson 2
Trả lời  means “to answer” while  đáp án  means “answer” (as a noun). We also use  câu trả lời  to represent “answer” as a noun.

Colors
What a colorful life!

You will learn handful of basic colors here: red, white, black, orange, blue, green, brown, gray, pink and violet.

Classifier for all colors is  màu  (meaning “color”). So literally, to mention color, one will say, in Vietnamese, color red, color green, color brown and so on. In English, you use “to be” to describe color (the shirt is red, the dog is brown, the computer is black, etc.). In Vietnamese, we do not use “to be” but the verb “to have” -  có. Cultural note:  there are many Vietnamese words associating with blue and green but we will only learn  xanh da trời  and  xanh lá cây. Xanh  separately can mean green or blue, causing confusion. Xanh da trời  literally means “blue as the skin of the sky” and  xanh lá cây  means “green as tree leaves”.
 * If you want to use color words with a noun (object, living thing), classifier  màu  is optional. Example:  cái áo màu đỏ  and  cái áo đỏ  (red shirt, one has  màu, one does not) are both acceptable.
 * Formula for this:  S + có + màu + color . (Example:  Con chó có màu nâu  (literally, The dog has color brown)). Do not use “to be” with color!

This video is for those who want to know more about colors in different languages. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2TtnD4jmCDQ

Adjectives 1
In this lesson, you will learn some basic adjectives.

Unlike English, Vietnamese language does not require the use of “be” when having a subject accompanied with adjective(s). However, for teaching and learning purpose, the course will have this rule: for all sentences that have the structure  subject-adjective, except for  negative sentences  and  questions , you must use  rất  (very).

Literally, all sentences will appear to be like this: he very happy, I very tired, she very smart…

Example: BUT: Why? It is not the case that the Vietnamese love to exaggerate everything. Using  very  simply helps you to distinguish between a sentence ( subject-very-adjective ) and a modified noun ( noun-adjective(s) ).
 * Tôi  rất  hạnh phúc. (literally, I very happy)
 * Cô ấy  rất  giỏi. (literally, she very intelligent)
 * Tôi không hạnh phúc. (literally, I no happy - no longer use  rất )
 * Cô ấy không giỏi. (literally, she no intelligent - no longer use  rất )
 * Tôi có hạnh phúc không? (Am I happy? - no longer use  rất )
 * Cô ấy có giỏi không? (Is she intelligent? - no longer use  rất )

Note:  You may encounter some sentences in this course that do not always have the word  very. That is because they have other indications as a sentence already, such as  I am happy and sad  (with “and”).

Note:  These instructions are for learning purpose only. In real conversation, you may or may not use  rất  (very) and your sentences still make sense. In fact, avoid using  rất  in every sentence, it’s exaggerative!

Lesson 1 - using “thật”
Very straightforward,  thật  is equivalent to “really” to accompany adjective(s). It is not used for expressing surprise like “Really?” in English. However,  thật  will not be used much in this course.

Lesson 7 - đúng and sai
With  đúng  (right) and  sai  (wrong), you do not have to use “very”.

Lesson 1
There is this useful phrase:  Nếu… thì…. It is equivalent to “If… then…” in English.

Lesson 2
Another useful phrase for you:  Không những… mà còn…, which is equivalent to “Not only… but also…” in English.

Useful expression:  cả + subject + đều + verb/adj  which is similar to “both” in English. It illustrates both mentioned subjects do the same action or have the same characteristic.

Lesson 3
Nên  in this lesson is used as “so” between two clauses or two sentences. Most of the time, it is placed at the beginning of the clause/sentence to indicate cause and effect relation.

Để  in this lesson is used as “in order to” or simply “to”. Additionally, you can have this structure “in order for (sth/sb) to…” by saying: “ để  + sb/sth + verb in Vietnamese”.

Useful expression:  không phải…mà cũng không phải  OR  không…mà cũng không, equivalent to “neither…nor…” in English. This expression can be used as subject or object.

From 0 to 10
Firstly, here are numbers from 0-10:

From 11-19
From 11-19, you say  mười  (ten) +  any number from one to nine  from table above. Literally, it means “ten one” (11), “ten two” (12) and so on.
 * Exception: For fifteen (15), you cannot say “mười năm” (ten five) but the correct form is  Mười lăm  (“lăm” instead of “năm”). Though lăm and năm all mean “five”, năm is used for number 5 only while lăm is used with any integer starting from 15 that ends with 5 (15, 25, 35, 45…). Using lăm alone to represent number 5 is incorrect!

From 20 to 99

 * 1) For 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, you say  any number from two to nine  (table above) +  mươi . Example: hai mươi (20), ba mươi (30), chín mươi (90) and so on.
 * 2) * Note that this is  mươi, not  mười.
 * 3) For the rest of the number, you simply combine  any number from two to nine  (table above) +  mươi  +  any number from two to nine . Example: hai mươi ba (23, literally two ten three), chín mươi chín (99, literally nine ten nine).
 * 4) * Exception: Pay attention to the use of lăm as mentioned above.
 * 5) * Exception: For number ending with 1 (21, 31, 41…), you use mốt instead of một. This is similar to the case of lăm above. It starts from 21 and beyond (E.g: 61 is  sáu mươi mốt, NOT  sáu mươi một ). For 11, you still use một as in  mười một  (11).
 * 6) * Exception: For number ending with 4 (24, 34, 44…), you can use tư beside bốn.  However, unlike the case of lăm and mốt above, bốn and tư can be used interchangeably. (E.g: 44 can be  bốn mươi bốn  or  bốn mươi tư ; 74 can be  bảy mươi bốn or  bảy mươi tư )

From 100 and beyond

 * 1) For hundred-level, you use  any number from one to nine  +  trăm . (Example: một trăm (100), chín trăm (900) and so on.)
 * 2) Simply combine #1 with two sessions above to form any number from 100 to 999. Example: hai trăm ba mươi ba (233), chín trăm chín mươi chín (999)…
 * 3) Important: For any number from 1 to 9 (101 to 109, 201 to 209...),  lẻ  must be used. Formula:  number (1-9)  +  trăm  +  lẻ  +  number (1-9)
 * 4) For thousand-level, you use  any number from one to nine  +  nghìn . Repeat #2 and #3 for any number from 1000 to 9999.
 * 5) For million-level, you use  any number from one to nine  +  triệu . Same as above.
 * 6) For billion-level, you use  any number from one to nine  +  tỷ . Same as above.

Vietnamese currency
Vietnamese currency (Vietnam dong -  Việt Nam đồng  or just simply  đồng ) starts with thousand-level so if you plan to travel, I recommend you to pay attention to the word  nghìn  (thousand) and  triệu  (million).
 * You do not have to say “Việt Nam đồng” as currency unit when talking about money in Vietnam.
 * Available bills: 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000, 20000, 50000, 100000, 200000, 500000 (paper bill only, there used to be coins but they are extremely rare now).

CONTINUOUS
You’ll learn how to form continuous tense in Vietnamese, that is, to demonstrate the actions that are taking place.

One must add  đang  before verb(s) of a sentence to indicate continuity.

Example: Note: Vietnamese language does distinguish between present tense (I eat -> habit, fact) and continuous tense (I am eating -> going on right now).
 * Tôi  đang  ăn. (I am eating)
 * Cô ấy  đang  đọc. (She is reading)
 * Họ  đang  ngủ. (They are sleeping)

That is all!

Ordinal Numbers
Ordinary numbers in English are “first”, “second”, “third”, fourth, fifth, something-th

In Vietnamese, you simply add  thứ  before a number to form ordinary number(s). Check the skill Numbers if you need to review about numbers in Vietnamese. Example:
 * Exception: for “first”, you say  thứ nhất  (“nhất”, instead of “một”).
 * Đây là quyển sách  thứ  hai của tôi. (This is my second book).
 * Cậu bé  thứ  bảy (The seventh boy)

Dates and Time
In Vietnamese, it is common to use number to illustrate a weekday or a month (example: thứ 3 (Tuesday) or tháng 7 (July)). However, in this lesson, please do not write in number.

Days of the week
For days of the week, one use  thứ  + any number from 2 to 7. For Sunday, it’s exceptional: Chủ nhật. Note: Yes, you remember it right. These are exactly like ordinary numbers (second, third, fourth… seventh).

Months of the year
For months of the year, you use  tháng  + any number from 1 to 12. Note: for April, the more common use is  tháng tư. However in general, both  tháng bốn or  tháng tư  are acceptable.

Family
From tips & notes in the skill  Basics 1, we learn that Vietnamese pronouns vary depending on context, polite level, gender, superiority, emotion, and age. Thus, I have to simplify and limit the total accepted pronouns in this course.

The same with this case. How you call your parents, brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts… will vary depending on regions.

Here is the simplified and universally understood translations that we will use in this course. Note:  These Vietnamese words can actually be used as pronouns but we are not going to use it in this course. There will be separate post in discussion forum explaining this.

Cultural note:  for grandpa/grandma, Vietnamese people always distinguish between paternal grandparents (ông/bà nội) and maternal grandparents (ông/bà ngoại).

Comparison
Vietnamese people use comparison in conversation very frequently.

Comparison of adjectives
Superiority: Subject + adjective +  hơn  + object Equality: Subject + adjective +  như  + object Note:  There is inferior comparison of adjectives but it is not very common to use.
 * Example: Tôi mập  hơn  bạn. (I am fatter than you)
 * Example: Tôi mập  như  bạn. (I am as fat as you)

Comparison of verbs
Superiority: Subject + verb + object 1 (optional) +  nhiều hơn  + object 2 Equality: Subject + verb + object 1 (optional) +  nhiều như  + object 2 Inferiority : Subject + verb + object 1 (optional) +  ít hơn  + object 2
 * Example: Tôi ăn  nhiều hơn  bạn. (I eat more than you)
 * Example: Tôi ăn  nhiều như  bạn. (I eat as much/many as you)
 * Example: Tôi ăn  ít hơn  bạn. (I eat less than you)

Comparison of adverbs
Superiority: Subject + verb + adverb +  hơn  + object Equality: Subject + verb + adverb +  như  + object Note:  Inferior comparison of adverb is rare. People tend to use opposite adverb instead (slowly =/ fast).
 * Example: Tôi học nhanh  hơn  bạn. (I study faster than you)
 * Example: Tôi học nhanh  như  bạn. (I study as fast as you)

Note:  You can always place any additional object (optional) after verb.

Superlative comparison
This is a bit complicated. Superlative adjective should be accompanied by a noun (for instance, the best person, most intelligent student, fastest man…). You can’t simply say “I am the best”, “She is the most intelligent” like in English.
 * Adjective

General formula (for standalone noun): noun + adjective +  nhất  (in this case, this standalone noun can be subject or object of a sentence, or just by itself). Formula: Subject + verb + object (optional) +  nhiều nhất.
 * Verb

Example: Cô ấy học  nhiều nhất. (She studies the most - the most content of something) Formula: Subject + verb + object (optional) + adverb +  nhất.
 * Adverbs

Example: Anh ấy ăn nhanh nhất. (He eats “fast-est” - this form does not really exist in English)

Quantity comparison of noun(s)
It is also frequent to say you have something more or less than someone else does. Subject + có +  nhiều  + noun +  hơn  + object (optional).
 * Superior quantity comparison: (To have more + noun + than)

Example: Tôi có  nhiều  tiền hơn (bạn). (I have more money (than you)). Subject + có +  ít  + noun +  hơn  + object (optional).
 * Inferior quantity comparison: (To have less + noun + than)

Example: Tôi có  ít  tiền hơn (bạn). (I have less money (than you)). Subject + có +  nhiều / ít  + noun +  nhất
 * Superlative quantity (to have the most/fewest + noun)

Example: chúng tôi có nhiều/ít thành viên nhất. (We have the most/fewest members)

Note:  the plural indicators  những  and  các  are NOT needed.

Prepositions 1
This skill introduces some basic prepositions in Vietnamese.

There is no new grammar point. However, you may want to review previous grammar notes, especially skills  Question 1  and  Question 2.

Good luck!

Geography
There is no new grammar in this skill.

Common Phrases 2
Here are some more common expressions.

Lesson 1
hãy  +  verb : this word is similar to the phrase “let’s” but it does not have equivalent meaning. Instead of “let us”, it indicates “let you” or “you should”. The target audience is someone else not you.

Note : actually, people don’t use  hãy  much in daily conversation. But you will see the use of  hãy  a lot on advertisement, instruction panel or formal speech, implying you or all of you in general, should do something.

đừng  +  verb : so this is another form of negation, very similar to  không, meaning “do not + verb”. One uses  đừng  when strongly demanding someone not to do something. When traveling in Vietnam, watch out for red signs starting with  đừng. It is either a law that you should not violate or something could harm you (example: Do not enter).

ư : this word is put at the end of sentence to indicate a yes-no question, besides  phải không. Refer to skill “Question 1” if you need to review this. However,  ư  indicates a question with an expression of surprise.

Lesson 2
không có gì : literally meaning “there is nothing”, this phrase is similar to “you’re welcome” or “no problem”, used to respond to thank-you.

vừa mới : this phrase is used in this formula: subject +  vừa mới  + verb, demonstrating that someone  has just  done something. This phrase indicates action occurred the past but only a moment ago. Note : Vietnamese people love to talk about what they just did. You are recommended to add this phrase to your vocabulary list.

In this lesson, you also learn to form commands or requests. Nothing new here. Learn it yourself!

Countries 1
In general, most names of countries have origin from Sino-Vietnamese (chữ Nôm). Thus, many  sound  very similar to their counterparts in Chinese language. For reference, here is a long list of Vietnamese names for countries and cities around the world: Vietnamese exonyms: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_exonyms

Note : Do not learn by heart. Most Vietnamese would not understand or use these Vietnamese-written names, only a handful of those (which will be taught here). For the rest of the countries and cities, you should use original English names as that is how Vietnamese people preferably use.

Classifier for country is  nước. It also means “water” as you already learn. So  nước  + <> is the proper form to address a country to someone.

Nominalization
The term  nominalization  means converting a word into a noun. In this skill, I particularly refer to the conversion of an adjective or a verb into a noun.

In English, you have “stupidity” as noun form of “stupid”, “eagerness” as noun form of “eager”.

In Vietnamese, one simply adds  sự  before a verb or an adjective to convert it into noun.

Example: While most adjectives can be converted to noun form with the word  sự, not all verbs can! We will learn more about this in another skill.
 * bắt đầu (to start)  (verb)  =>  sự  bắt đầu (the start)  (noun)
 * phức tạp (complicated)  (adjective)  =>  sự  phức tạp (complication)  (noun)

Ultimately, a number of adjectives cannot be converted! Despite not being grammatically wrong, doing so to some adjectives or in some contexts can sound weird, awkward or unnatural.

We will try to create a post in forum to list words that should not be used with  sự.

Future
Technically, Vietnamese doesn't have tense like English or other European languages.

In Vietnamese, time is implied by adverbs or contexts instead of verb conjugation. These adverbs can be time: ngày mai (tomorrow), năm sau (next year), tuần sau (next week), etc. They can be also a specialized adverb for time reference - for past, it's "đã"; for continuous present, it's "đang"; for future, it's "sẽ".

To be precise, these are actually adverbs marking perfect, continuous, and prospective aspects, respectively, but with the assumption that you're without linguistic background, you can understand this as relative time reference.

Drawing time from context is harder and cannot be taught in this course. We recommend you to do further practice in real life situations to get used to Vietnamese time reference.

For convenience, colloquially, such references to past, present, and future, are called "tense" - be careful.

To express an action that is going to or will probably happen, simply put  sẽ  (equivalent to “will”) before the verb.

Example: To express negation, please refer to the skill Negation as the grammar rule is the same.
 * Con mèo  sẽ  ăn. (The cat will eat)
 * Chúng tôi  sẽ  viết một quyển sách. (We will write a book)
 * Họ  sẽ   không  ngủ. (They will not sleep)
 * Will not +  action :  sẽ không  +  verb
 * Will not be +  attribute :  sẽ không  +  adjective
 * Will not be something:  sẽ không phải là  ( sẽ không là  is also correct) +  noun  (accompanied by classifier if needed)

Common future time expression
You already learned  ngày mai  (tomorrow), here are some more common expressions.
 * ngày mốt : the day after tomorrow. Yes, we have a word for the day after tomorrow.
 * using  tới  or  sau  with week/month/year to indicate next week, next month or next year. Example:  tuần tới  or  tuần sau  (next week),  tháng tới  or  tháng sau  (next month)…
 * sắp : this word is placed between subject and verb to indicate an action that is  about to happen . Example: họ  sắp  xuất hiện (meaning: they are  about to  appear).

Attributes
No new grammar point in this skill, only new vocabulary.

Some attributes can be used as noun or adjective  without  nominalization. In this skill, those words are: Ultimately, using nominalization ( sự ) with these words is acceptable.
 * linh hoạt (flexible or flexibility)
 * cạnh tranh (competitive or competitiveness)
 * bất lợi (disadvantageous or disadvantage)
 * may mắn (lucky or luck)
 * bất cẩn (careless or carelessness)
 * tham lam (greedy or greed)
 * lười biếng (lazy or laziness)

Adjectives 1.5
In the sentence structure:

It + be + adj + (for + S.O) to + verb + ... there is no word-by-word translation

For example:

1.1) It is hard to wake up early ( It+ be +adj+ to +verb)

Translation : Khó/Rất khó (mà/để - optional but more natural to add) dậy sớm

In the Vietnamese translation, we will ignore "It is" there and just translate the rest.

1.2) It is hard for a teacher to pay attention to all.

Translation : Một giáo viên khó mà quan tâm hết.

Now here, we will use "a teacher" as the subject to start our translation.

Frequency
Adverbs of frequency describe how often something occurs.

In this skill, there are five common adverbs of frequency to learn. The adverb of frequency is placed between subject and verb in a sentence.
 * luôn  (or  luôn luôn ): always
 * thường xuyên : usually, often
 * đôi khi : sometimes
 * hiếm khi : rarely
 * không bao giờ : never

Example: Minor notes:
 * Tôi luôn hạnh phúc. (I am always happy)
 * Cô ấy thường xuyên buồn. (She is usually sad)
 * Sometimes,  đôi khi  can be placed at the beginning of the sentence.
 * For the sake of this course, when a sentence has an adverb of frequency, you do not have to use  rất  (very) unless the sentence clearly means so.
 * There are two terms for “never”:  không bao giờ  and  chưa bao giờ . While there is only  không bao giờ  in this skill tree,  chưa bao giờ  is an emphasized expression of “never”. Use this to emphasize something you have never done before.
 * Some adverbs of frequency that are not featured: nhiều lúc (sometimes), đôi lúc (sometimes, but a bit less) nhiều khi (occasionally, sometimes), thường thường (often), thỉnh thoảng (often).

Lesson 1
vậy mà  is equivalent to “but” in English and it connects two opposing clauses in one sentence. vậy mà  can be used interchangeably with  nhưng.

như vậy  is a bit unique. Despite having various English interpretation, I limit its translation into two only (as shown in hint): “like that” (as in “I am like that”, “I work like that”, etc) and “as a result” (placed at the beginning of the clause).

Lesson 2
mặc dù  and  tuy nhiên  are equivalent to “although” or “though”. They can be used interchangeably. If your answer containing either one of these is marked wrong, please report to us.

cũng  is a helpful word to demonstrate someone  also  does something. Following this formula: subject (tôi/anh ấy/An/người đàn ông…) +  cũng  + verb. -  cũng vậy  is another way to shorten similar clauses. Using this structure: subject (tôi/anh ấy/An/người đàn ông…) +  cũng vậy, it can replace sentences in this format “so am I/so do I/me too/I do too”. - Note: standalone  vậy  has many uses but mostly, it is equivalent to sentence-initial “so”, as being used as a pause during conversation.

Adverbs
In general, Vietnamese people do not use adverbs that often in daily conversation. Additionally, they rarely use adverbs to accompany adjectives as in English (such as “incredibly strong”, “unbelievably amazing”, etc.). Therefore, one should avoid use too many adverbs as much as possible.

This skill provides a handful of adverbs that is most frequently used.

General formula
Unlike English, Vietnamese do not modify an adjective to convert it into adverb. Instead, one places  một cách  before an adjective to create an “adverb phrase”. Literally, it means “in a way that is (adj)”. For instance,  một cách hạnh phúc  (happily) in Vietnamese literally means “in a way that is happy”.

Example:  một cách hoàn hảo  (perfectly),  một cách may mắn  (fortunately),  một cách hạnh phúc  (happily).

Exception:  some adjectives require one additional word when forming “adverb phrase”. For instance, chậm (slow) and nhanh (fast) are adjectives but in “adverb phrase”, one says  một cách chậm chạp  (slowly - “chạp” is added),  một cách nhanh chóng  (fast - “chóng” is added).

Other adverbs
Some common adverbs provided in this skill do not follow the “adverb phrase” structure above.
 * ngay lập tức : immediately
 * nói chung : generally/generally speaking
 * suýt : almost (do something)
 * thậm chí : even (as in “I do not even understand what you’re talking about)
 * dù sao : anyway (always using this form  dù sao ... cũng / vẫn ...)
 * chưa : yet (as in “have not done something yet”)

ATTENTION: Nói chung
"Chung" means "common", "general", but it also has a homophone SV root meaning "end" - which gives it two meanings:

Meaning #1: "In general" or "Generally"

Meaning #2: "To conclude", "to sum up" In a colloquial sense, it works as a signal "Let's settle on this conclusion, I don't want to talk about it anymore, switch the topic".

In some cases, it can mean either, but it some cases, it can only mean either of them. The best strategy is probably to try both and see which one makes sense.

Different meaning of "được" at different positions
Apart from being used for passive voice and adjective/adverb, "được" can have two meanings as a modal particles, depending on where it stands. Look at these two sentences for example:

Tôi  được  chạy. Tôi chạy  được.

What is the difference between these sentences? When standing  before verb, it means  be allowed to , while standing  after verb , it mean  be able to. So, the first sentence means "I am allowed to run", while the second one means "I can run".

Vietnamese vs. English differences
In English,  must + V  means you  have to do  something, but  must not + V  doesn't mean you don't have to do something, but rather you are  not allowed to do  something.

In contrast, in Vietnamese,  phải + V  means you  have to do  something, and  không phải + V  means you  don't have to do  something.

If you want to say you are  not allowed to do something, you should say  không được + V , where  được  here means "is allowed to do something".

Ask and tell the time
kém

Past
Technically, Vietnamese doesn't have tense like English or other European languages.

In Vietnamese, time is implied by adverbs or contexts instead of verb conjugation. These adverbs can be time: hôm qua (yesterday), tuần trước (last week), năm ngoái (last year), trước đây (before), 10 năm trước (10 years ago), etc. They can be also a specialized adverb for time reference - for past, it's "đã"; for continuous present, it's "đang"; for future, it's "sẽ".

To be precise, these are actually adverbs marking perfect, continuous, and prospective aspects, respectively, but with the assumption that you're without linguistic background, you can understand this as relative time reference.

Drawing time from context is harder and cannot be taught in this course. We recommend you to do further practice in real life situations to get used to Vietnamese time reference.

For convenience, colloquially, such references to past, present, and future, are called "tense" - be careful.

Travel
Lái - fly/ride/drive

Verbs 3
dành >< giành

Passive
In Vietnamese, sentences in passive voice distinguish between "positive" and "negative" passive.

For "positive" passive sentence, that is, when the subject of the sentence gains benefit from the action, you use "được" (gain) as the copula. For "negative" passive sentence, that is, when the subject lose something because of the action, you use "bị" (suffer).

How to form a passive voice sentence: Active voice: S + V + O --> English passive: O + be + past participle [+ by S] --> Vietnamese passive: O + bị/được [+ S] + V

Example:

"Anh ấy đã bị  [ai đó]  nhìn thấy trong khi đang bán cái điện thoại của tôi." "He was seen  [by someone]  while selling my phone."

Prepositions 2
dùng kết hợp với "ở"

Education
Nghiên cứu vs. học

These both words can be translated to English as "study". However, their usages are not the same in Vietnamese. Generally, nghiên cứu results in new knowledge, while học is studying a pre-existing knowledge. A rule of thumb is, when it's possible to replace "study" with "research", then it's nghiên cứu; when it's replaceable with "learn", then it's học.

Common Phrases 3
rồi = then = t/lai

rồi = already = q/khứ

đến lúc + sb + phải + rồi

cho đến + time reference.

Because a clause (S+V) in Vietnamese can't be a time reference, unlike in English, so you can't say "...cho đến tôi làm xong việc này" but it must be "cho đến  khi  tôi làm xong việc này". That's why "until" is usually translated as "cho đến khi" when it stands alone.

"Hôm nay" is already a time reference, so it doesn't need "khi" to turn it to be. You will see this comes up in other exercises.

Determiners
điều này điều đó

tất cả không ai

Abstract Objects 1
năm lần bảy lượt = many times

Tổng thống or Chủ tịch nước?
There are two titles for head of state in Vietnamese that are both translated into English as "president": Tổng thống and Chủ tịch nước.

Chủ tịch nước is a title of a president of a communist country, such as Vietnam, China, or Cuba. Tổng thống is for other countries.

In the exercise, we only introduce Tổng thống, which is applied for American president. However, both answers are accepted.

Abstract Objects 2
Bring sb sth = mang đến cho sb sth

Classifiers 2
mảnh - mảnh đất -> đặt sau bài nature

giấc mơ =/ ước mơ

How to talk about illness
In Vietnamese, to talk about illness, you can say:

However, you can also use passive voice (which is, in fact, the more preferred way):

Note that "bị" is linked with negativity. Illness is certainly a negative thing.

chú ý classifier được dạy kèm từ vựng chỉ bộ phận cơ thể - ckhadung

Astronomy
closet to sth = gần sth nhất Name of planets: Sao + Name or Name + Tinh (Sino-Vietnamese)

Adjectives 3
teach the form: Thật là - ckhadung

Thờ vs. tôn thờ
English "worship" can be translated to Vietnamese as  thờ  or  tôn thờ. These two words have different meaning.

To  thờ  someone, that person must be either dead or a deity, and this act is a religious ritual. On the other hand, you can  tôn thờ  any living person, or probably not a person, like your idol; this act is not religious. Sometimes  tôn thờ  can be religious as well, but that's for deities exclusively.

Synonyms of  tôn thờ  are: tôn sùng, thần tượng, sùng bái Synonym of  thờ : cúng, thờ cúng

Examples:
 * Ở Việt Nam, người ta  thờ  ông bà tổ tiên. (In Vietnam, people worship their ancestors)
 * Những người theo đạo Thiên Chúa  thờ  Giê-xu. (Christians worship Jesus).
 * Bạn không nên  tôn thờ  người khác. (You should not worship/idolize other people).

Abstract Objects 3
noun + gì = any (dùng trong câu phủ định)

Military
With vehicle, classifier = chiếc. need to note in grammar Classifier quả for tên lửa

Reduplicative Words
dõng dạc  = adv more than adj

dính dáng  = use in negative sense most of the time

Informal Expressions
Note on overprice: use as verb here, but usually use as adj

Cơm bụi (lit. dust meal) is a cheap meal that is served at working-class restaurant. There are several explanations on the etymology of this word, one of which is that these street restaurants are sometimes on the sidewalk, so there is dust from the street. Because this is hard to translate, it'll be translated as "working-class meal" like in this article: https://www.thenewhanoian.com/tw/hanoi/cat/406/com-binh-dan-hanoi